What does proxemics refer to in nonverbal communication?

Proxemics is a term that is specifically used to describe the study of how people use space in communication. It focuses on the distances that individuals maintain from one another during interaction, which can greatly influence the meaning and interpretation of a conversation. In different cultures, personal space can vary significantly; for example, some cultures may be comfortable with close proximity while others may prefer more distance. This aspect of nonverbal communication plays a crucial role in expressing feelings, regulating interaction, and establishing social norms.

The other options relate to different aspects of nonverbal communication. Vocal tone variation pertains to the modulation of voice which can convey emotions or clarify meaning. The use of gestures refers to movements of the hands or body to express ideas. Facial expressions involve the visible emotional reactions displayed on one's face. All these elements are important in communication, but they do not capture the specific focus of proxemics, which centers on spatial relationships.