What type of networks are characterized by downward, upward, and horizontal communication?

The correct answer identifies formal networks as the types of communication structures that are characterized by downward, upward, and horizontal communication. Formal networks are established within an organization and follow a defined hierarchy.

Downward communication refers to the flow of information from higher levels of management to lower levels, such as directives, policies, or feedback. Upward communication allows employees to share their thoughts, issues, or suggestions with management, facilitating a two-way communication channel. Horizontal communication occurs between individuals or departments at the same level, promoting collaboration and teamwork.

These three forms of communication are vital for ensuring that information is effectively disseminated and that the organization operates efficiently. Formal networks are structured and help to maintain clear lines of authority and accountability, which contrast with informal networks that rely on personal connections and social interactions without an official structure.