Which of the following best describes 'win-lose' outcomes in negotiations?

In negotiations, 'win-lose' outcomes refer to situations where one party's gain is made at the expense of another party's loss. This dynamic is best described by competition. In a competitive negotiation scenario, parties typically oppose each other and aim to secure the most favorable outcome for themselves, often leading to a zero-sum situation where one person's success directly translates into another's failure.

This contrasts with other strategies such as collaboration, which seeks mutual benefit and a win-win resolution, where all parties find satisfactory solutions. Compromise involves parties making concessions to reach an agreement, leading to some level of loss for each side but not the extreme win-lose dynamic. Collusion implies a secretive agreement between parties to act in concert, which typically aims to achieve a benefit for both sides outside of competitive tension, rather than embodying the win-lose philosophy. Thus, the competitive approach distinctly illustrates the characteristics of a 'win-lose' scenario in negotiations.